Section Ⅲ　
Learning about Language & Using Language
预习多维感知
Ⅰ.Read the text and answer these questions.
1．What made Copernicus confused?
__________________________________________
答案：His discover that the earth was not the centre of the solar system.
2．Why could Copernicus not tell anyone about his theory?
___________________________________________
答案：Because the Christian Church would punish him.
3．How did Copernicus prove his theory?
___________________________________________
答案：He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them.
4．What did Copernicus do in 1543?
___________________________________________
答案：He showed his theory privately to his friends.
5．When did Copernicus publish his theory?
___________________________________________
答案：He published it in 1543，when he was dying.
Ⅱ.Read the text and then find out the main idea of each paragraph.
A．New observations didn’t agree with the old theory about the earth.
B．Copernicus’s theory is the basis of modern science about the universe.
C．Copernicus was puzzled as he found the earth was not the center of the solar system.
D．Copernicus’s new theory that the sun was the center could explain all the phenomena.
E．Copernicus improved his theory by collecting observations and using his mathematical knowledge.
Paragraph 1________
Paragraph 2________
Paragraph 3________
Paragraph 4________
Paragraph 5________
答案：Paragraph 1～Paragraph 5：CAEDB
重点难点探究
1 contribute vt.& vi.　捐献；贡献；捐助
品味经典
①Many people contributed some money to/towards the new church.
很多人都为新教堂捐了一些钱。
归纳拓展
②He contributed five million dollars to the Red Cross.
他向红十字会捐赠了五百万美元。
③He contributed some articles to the newspaper.
他给报社投了几篇稿。
④I’d like to thank all of you who contributed to building the hospital.
我想感谢你们所有这些为医院建设做出贡献的人。
⑤His carelessness contributed to the accident.
他的粗心大意是造成这次事故的原因之一。
注意：在表示“献身于某一事业或目标”时，要用devote，不用contribute，即contribute后不可接one’s life或oneself。
【助记】
⑥Many people contributed money to the poor boy，which contributed to his returning to school.A writer wrote a story about this and contributed it to a newspaper.
好多人给那个可怜的孩子捐钱，使他可以重返校园。一位作家写了一篇关于此事的故事并把它投到了报社。
牛刀小试
(1)(2011年湖州高二检测)Eating too much fat can ________ heart disease and cause high blood pressure.
A．contribute to　　　　　 B．link to
C．attend to D．devote to
解析：选A。考查动词短语辨析。句意：摄入太多的脂肪会促使心脏病和高血压的发生。contribute to有助于，促使；attend to处理；link和devote都为及物动词，后须接宾语，且与句意不符。
(2)Many illnesses ________ lack of exercise.
A．result from
B．lead to
C．result in
D．contribute to
解析：选A。句意：许多疾病是由缺乏运动引起的。“前果后因”的结构和意义要选result from。因为lead to，result in，contribute to都表示“前因后果”的关系。
2 Apart from the construction mentioned above，you have also learned the following phrases.
除了上面提到的结构，你还学了下列短语。
品味经典
①Apart from math，she is good at English.
除了数学外，她还擅长英语。
②Apart from a few faults，he is a faithful friend.
除了几个缺点外，他是个值得信赖的朋友。
自我探究
apart from 介词短语，意思为除……之外；此外。
③Apart from my parents，I have no one to believe in.
除了我父母，我谁也不相信。(not including my parents)
④Apart from the cost，we need to think about how much time the job will take.
除了成本之外，我们还需要考虑这份工作要用多少时间。(including the cost)
易混辨析
 in addition，in addition to，apart from，
except，except for，besides
牛刀小试
(1)(2011年宜春高二检测)________ being too large，the color and the style of the dress suit me well.
A．Apart from
B．As well as
C．Besides
D．Instead of
解析：选A。考查同义词或短语的辨析。根据句意“除了太大，这件衣服的颜色和款式都适合我”。应选apart from。as well as也；besides除……外还；instead of代替，都不合题意。
用besides，except，apart from，except for填空
(2)Clarissa could think of nothing to say ________ that she was so sorry.
(3)________ going swimming occasionally，I don’t get much exercise.
(4)I cycle to work，________ when it rains.
(5)The bus is empty ________ an old woman in it.
答案：(2)except　(3)Apart from/Except　(4)except (5)except for
3 Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.
只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
品味经典
①His argument does not make sense.
他的争论没有意义。
②This sentence doesn’t make any sense.＝ This sentence makes no sense.
这个句子完全讲不通。
③It makes sense to take care of your health.
注意身体健康是明智的。
自我探究
make sense意为有意义；讲得通；有道理。
归纳拓展
(1)make sense是不及物动词短语，可用于it makes sense (for sb.) to do sth.结构中。而make sense of是及物动词短语。意为：理解，明白。
(2)lose one’s sense昏过去；发疯；失去理智
a sense of humor幽默感
There is no sense in doing sth.做什么没有道理/没有必要
④Can you make any sense of the article at all?
你究竟能不能理解这篇文章的意思？
⑤There’s no sense in getting angry about it.
为此生气是没有意思的。
牛刀小试
(1)What’s the ________ of having a public open space where you can’t eat，drink or even simply hang out for a while?
A．sense B．matter
C．case D．opinion
解析：选A。本题所设的语境是：在不吃、不喝、不动的情况下是什么感觉？ sense感觉；matter问题，麻烦；case情况，问题；opinion意见，看法。四个选项中只有A项符合语境。
(2)(2011年汕头高二检测)What he said ________.He knows nothing about the intelligence economy.
A．make some sense
B．makes some sense
C．make no sense
D．doesn’t make any sense
解析：选D。考查make sense的用法。根据后句“他对知识经济一无所知”判断他说的话没有意义。排除A、B。What he said是主语从句，用作单数。排除C项。
4 His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas，but Copernicus was cautious.他的朋友们都很感兴趣并鼓励他发表他的理论，但是哥白尼很小心。
品味经典
①He was cautious when he was riding the bicycle.
当他骑自行车的时候，他很小心。
自我探究
cautious adj.意为小心的；谨慎的。
归纳拓展
易混辨析
cautious，careful
②The boss is cautious about making promises.
老板对承诺持谨慎态度。
③He was careful to keep out of sight.
他小心翼翼地躲开别人的视线。
牛刀小试
(2011年湖州高二检测)I’ve always been very ________ about giving my address and telephone number to strangers.
A．worried B．anxious
C．careful D．cautious
解析：选D。考查形容词的辨析。根据句意“我在给陌生人我的地址和电话号码时非常谨慎”可知应选cautious。worried担心的；anxious焦虑的；careful小心的。
5 The Christian Church rejected his theory，saying it was against God’s idea...
基督教会拒绝接受他的新理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意……
品味经典
①Jim was rejected by every college he applied to.
吉姆申请的每一所大学都拒绝了他。
自我探究
reject vt.拒绝；不接受；摒弃。
易混辨析
reject，refuse
②They refused to bow to force.
他们坚决不向武力低头。
③It is hard for me to reject some bad habits.
我很难改掉一些坏习惯
牛刀小试
单项填空
(1)Several hundred people applied for the position，but we had to ________ nearly all of them.
A．reject
B．give away
C．turn out
D．leave out
解析：选A。句意：虽然有好几百人申请这个职位，但我们不得不拒绝几乎所有的人。reject拒绝。
完成句子
(2)由于视力不好他被拒绝入伍。
He __________ by the army because of his bad eyesight.
答案：was rejected
6 Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.
只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
品味经典
①Only if you made many mistakes did you know the importance of following your parents’ suggestions.只有当你犯了很多错误后，你才意识到听从父母建议的重要性。
自我探究
only位于句首修饰状语时，主句要用部分倒装，即把主句谓语中的助动词、情态动词或系动词be放在主语之前。
②Only in this way can you solve the problem.
只有通过这种方式，我们才能解决这个问题。
③Only she can do it well.只有她才能把这件事做好。
易混辨析
if only，only if
(1)if only但愿……，要是……就好了。常引导含虚拟语气的条件句或感叹句。
(2)only if只要……，only if本身不是一个固定词组。only是副词，用来修饰整个if从句。若用于句首，后接从句，主句要部分倒装。
④If only I were younger！要是我年轻点儿就好了！
牛刀小试
(1)________ you eat the correct foods ________ be able to keep fit and stay healthy.
A．Only if；will you
B．Only if；you will
C．Unless；will you
D．Unless；you can
解析：选A。句意为：“只有正确饮食，你才能保持身体健康。”only if引导的条件状语位于句首时，主句要采取部分倒装。注意：unless引导状语从句不用倒装结构。
(2)Only when I left my parents for Italy ________ how much I loved them.
A．I realized
B．I had realized
C．had I realized
D．did I realize
解析：选D。考查Only＋时间状语置于句首引起句子的部分倒装。因此排除A、B。又由于realize在left之后，故不用过去完成时。
COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONARY THEORY
Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused.Although he had tried to ignore them，all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system.Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea.They
believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.
The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop，move backward and then go forward in a loop.Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others.This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.
Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer.He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them.But only his new theory could do that.So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it，gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.
In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends.The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary.He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth.He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars.His friends were enthusiastic and
encouraged him to publish his ideas，but Copernicus was cautious.He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church，so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.
Certainly he was right to be careful.The Christian Church rejected his theory，saying it was against God’s idea and people who supported it would be attacked.Yet Copernicus’ theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built.His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity，which said things fell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe.Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong.Now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton，Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.
哥白尼的革命性理论
尼古拉·哥白尼被吓坏了，他心里非常困惑。虽然他曾经努力不去理睬那些数字，然而他所有的计算都得出一个同样的结论：地球不是太阳系的中心。只有把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能讲得通。然而他不能告诉任何人他的理论，因为强大的基督教甚至会因为他提出这样一个想法而惩罚他。他们相信是上帝创造了世界，因此地球是很特殊的，它一定是太阳系的中心。
问题就随之产生了，因为天文学家们曾经注意到天空中的某些行星好像能停下来，向后运行，然后再向前做环形运动。其他行星有时好像亮些，有时好像又暗一些