高考英语语法复习之
代词和it的用法
指出下列句子中画线代词的名称
1. Mr.Bean is humorous. He is popular all over the world.
憨豆先生很幽默，他在全世界受欢迎。
【答案】 人称代词
【答案】 物主代词
2. Let's get down to our business.
让我们言归正传吧。
一、代词
3. Sorry that I'm not quite myself today.
对不起，今天我有点不舒服。
【答案】反身代词
4. Write down all the numbers of the private cars and this is what you should do.
记下所有私家车的号码，这就是你要做的事。
【答案】 指示代词
5. Everything is better than none.
有比没有要好。
【答案】不定代词
6. All of us should help each_other.
我们应该互相帮助。
【答案】 相互代词
7. Which of the two lines appears longer?
这两条线段哪条看起来长些？
【答案】疑问代词
8. All that ends well is well.
结局好才算好。
【答案】关系代词
9. China is not what she was.
中国今非昔比了。
【答案】 连接代词
按提示要求完成下列表格
按提示要求完成下列表格
指示代词，反身代词，相互代词及疑问代词分别包含哪些词？
把下列代词归入正确的类别
this, that, itself, myself, each other, who, what
【答案】 1．指示代词：this; that
2．相互代词：each other
3．疑问代词： who; what
完成表格，注意不定代词的基本含义和数量意义
完成表格，注意不定代词的基本含义和数量意义
1．不定代词的概念：不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。能单独使用。
2．不定代词的用法：不定代词在名中可作主语、定语，作定语时可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。
3．不定代词有一定的数量意义。
以all为例，其单独使用时作代词：作主语如All is over.作定语时修饰名词，如All lies don't hold water.单独使用或修饰可数名词时，表达三个以上的概念，如All are here.或 All the students are here.中“所有学生”的人数应该为三个或三个以上。all修饰不可数名词，表示全部，所有的事物，如All the water is polluted.意为“所有的水已被污染。”
翻译下列句子，体会连写和分写的不定代词的含义
　 1. Everyone was born equal.
【答案】人人生而平等。
【答案】我们班每个学生都有良好的环保意识。
2. Every one of the students in our class has good sense of environmental protection.
3. They ate every one of the mooncakes.
【答案】他们把月饼都吃光了。
用some或any填空
1. The old Frenchman has __________Chinese paintings collected by his cousin.
　 2. __________question is welcome!
　 3. __________ parents expect too much from their children while others have no confidence in what is done by their kids.
some
Any
Some
4. For __________ reason, I have to say good­bye to all of my lovely colleagues.
　 5. The package couldn't be mine, for I don't have __________ relatives here.
　 6. I'd like you to lend me __________ money. Do you have__________？
　 7. — Do you feel __________better today?
— Thank you. I feel much better now.
　 8. I don't know his exact age. He is __________ 30 years old, I think.
some
some
some
any
some
any
用one, it或that填空
　 1. A desk made of wood lasts longer than __________ made of plastics.
2. This news is less exciting than __________.
　 3. There is only one dictionary left in the bookstore. Please go to buy__________.
one
that
it
如何区别each, every, both, all, either, neither, none的用法？
选用上述不定代词填空，体会其含义
1. Look! __________ of his hands is covered with muddy.What a naughty boy!
　 2. Look! __________ of his hands are covered with muddy.What a naughty boy!
Each/Either
Both
3. __________ student in our school wears school uniform.
　 4. __________ of his parents is from Hawaii. They __________ come from San Francisco.
　 5. __________ of the answers are not right. Some of them are apparently wrong.
　 6. __________ his ears don't need hearing aid. His right ear is in good order.
　 7. __________ employee isn't well paid and only those having much experience are.
Every/Each
both
All
Both
Every/Each
Neither
8. — Would you like coffee or tea?
— __________will do.
Either
的都”。如：All the books published in this press are uncopyrightable.这个出版社出版的所有书籍均无合法版权。 All the city is surrounded by water. 整个城市四面环水。 All the rubbish should be thrown away where further pollution won't be caused.所有垃圾应该投放到不会产生二次污染的地方。All…not…＝Not all…为部分否定，意为“并非全都”。其完全否定为None of the…意为“所有的……都不”。
如何区别 other，the other, another, the others与others的用法？
选用上述不定代词填空，体会其含义
　 1. Some people think playing computer games benefits children a lot while __________hold the opposite view.
others
2. — Can I help you?
— This radio doesn't work. Please show me __________.
　 3. I am just familiar with one of the two visitors to our school.__________ is strange to me.　
　 4. Helping __________ people in danger is a good virtue.
another
other
The other
5. — Have you finished delivering the 108 letters of invitation?
— Not yet. I have just delivered 60 of them and I am to deliver__________ this afternoon.
the others
1. Some…； others…意为“一些……另一些……”，为固定句型，其中的“另一些(others)”为不确定对象。
2. another即可以单独作代词使用，也可接可数名词单数，表示“多者中的另一个”，也是不确定对象；
3. the other单独使用，也可接单数可数名词，只能指两者中的另一个，为确定对象；
翻译下列句子
1. The frog is not a warm­blooded animal. It is a cold­blooded one.
【答案】青蛙不是温血动物，它是冷血动物。
二、it的用法
2. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see who it is.
【答案】有人在按门铃。去看看是谁。
3. What's this? It's a book.
【答案】这是什么？这是一本书。
1
4. — Who is knocking at the door?
— It's me.
【答案】——谁在敲门？
——是我。
5. What a long way it is from Beijing to London!
【答案】从北京到伦敦真远。
6. It is late autumn now.
【答案】现在是深秋。
7. It is rather cold today, isn't it?
【答案】今天很冷，是不是？
8. — What's the cost of the dictionary?
— It is sixty­three yuan.
【答案】 ——那本词典多少钱？
——63元。
9. It's best to plant trees in spring because it's warmer.
【答案】春天是植树的最佳时节，因为天气更暖和。
10. It is dangerous walking on thin ice.
【答案】在薄冰上行走是危险的。
11. It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
【答案】事实上，英语是公认的国际语言。
12. I don't think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.
【答案】我认为不进行大量的记忆学好英语是不可能的。
13. Do you consider it necessary sending more people over?
【答案】你觉得再派一些人去有必要吗？
14. They found it strange that no one would take the money.
【答案】他们感到奇怪，谁也不要这笔钱。
15. It was I who met him in the park last week.
【答案】是我上星期在公园遇到他的。
16. When was it that you got to know her?
【答案】你是在什么时候认识她的？
17. It is white that they painted the house.
【答案】他们把房子漆成的是白色。
18. It is a chief engineer that he becomes now.
【答案】他现在担任的是总工程师。
在英语中，it的使用相当广泛，它既可用作代词，如人称代词、指示代词及非人称代词， 也可用作引导词和强调结构中的强调词，其具体用法如下：
一、it作代词
1．用作人称代词(personal it)
代替前文提到过的事物或不明身份的人，it作真实主语或宾语。
2．用作指示代词(demonstrative it)
相当于this或that，it有时不特指某件东西，而代表前面已提到的或将会发生的某件事情。
3．用作非人称代词(impersonal it)
代词it可用来指除人以外的一切生物和事物，无阴阳性别之分。可指时间、距离、度量、价值、自然现象(天气、气体、阴暗等)。
二、it作引导词
1．作形式主语(formal subject)
当主语是动词不定式短语、动词的­ing形式短语和主语从句时，为了避免头重脚轻，往往把主语放在谓语动词之后，习惯上用it作形式主语来指代后面的真实主语。这个it称为引导词(anticipatory it)，作形式主语，放在谓语动词后的主语是真正的主语。
2．作形式宾语(formal object)
当复合宾语中的宾语是动词不定式、动词­ing形式短语、宾语从句时，往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面，而把引导词it放在全句谓语动词和宾语补足语的中间。放在宾语补足语后面的宾语叫真正宾语，放在全句谓语动词和宾语补足语中间的引导词it叫形式宾语。
三、it用在强调结构中
当我们要强调句子的某一部分(通常总是主语，宾语或状语)时，常用强调结构。其形式为“it is (was)＋被强调的部分＋who (that)＋句子的其他成分”。在这种结构中，it无实际意义，它只帮助改变一个句子的结构，使某一成分受到强调。
使用“It is/was…that…”强调句型要注意的几点：
1．被强调部分指人时，其后除了用that之外，也可用who或whom。强调的是主语时，使用who；强调的是宾语时，使用whom。
2．强调句的时态
一般说来，原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态，则用句型“It is…that (who, whom)…”；如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态，则用句型“It was…that (who, whom)…”。
3．在强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，不能用when, where, why或how，只能用that。如：
It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go with us.
就是因为她母亲病了，她才没跟我们一起去。
注意：可用“It is/was because…that…”结构强调because引导的原因状语从句，如上例所示，但不能用该结构强调由since或as引导的原因状语从句，如不能说：It is since everybody is here that let's begin our discussion.也不能说： It was as it was raining hard that they had to stay at home.
4．强调“not…until…”结构
在强调“not…until…”结构中由until短语(或从句)表示的时间状语时，要用固定的强调句型“It is/was not until…that …”。其中that从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。如：
My father did not come until 12 o'clock last night.
→It was not until 12 o'clock last night that my father came home.
昨晚直到12点我父亲才回家。
5．在强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时，主句要用一般疑问句的语序。如：Did this happen in Guangzhou?
→Was it in Guangzhou that this happened?
此事是在广州发生的吗？
6．特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调，其强调结构是：“疑问词＋is/was it＋that…？”
7．可以强调宾语补足语，当连系动词不是be，表语部分是名词性词组时，也可使用这种结构强调表语，但是，当连系动词是be时，不能强调表语。
8．强调句的谓语动词除了可采用现在时和过去时的单数形式外，有时根据需要还可采用复杂的形式。如：
It must have been Mary that you saw just now.
你刚才看到的一定是玛丽。