语法专项突破
语法专项十二　
并列连词和状语从句
知识必备
1．并列连词归纳
2.使用时特别注意其连词特性
(1)and，not only...but (also)．..，neither，nor，neither...nor...等词连接的并列句，在意义上主要对前一句子作补充或引申，包括肯定和否定两方面的意义。如：
Think it over，and you'll find a way out.
仔细考虑，你将发现一条出路。
Neither does he work hard，nor does his brother.
他和他兄弟工作都不努力。
(2)or, either...or...连接并列句表示选择意义。如：
The children can go with us，or they can stay in.(选择)
孩子们可以跟我们一起去，也可以留下。
Be careful，or you will break your neck.(否定条件)
小心点，否则你会折断脖子的。
二、状语从句
状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等，按意义可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等状语从句。
1．时间状语从句
通常由从属连词when，whenever，as，while，before，after，as soon as，till(until)，since，once(一旦)等引导。如：
Please don't talk so loud while others are working.
别人工作时，请不要大声说话。
Once you understand the rules of the game，you'll enjoy it.
一旦你理解了游戏规则，你就会享受到它的乐趣。
as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner...than...和hardly/scarcely...when...(一……就……)
这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，常译为“一……就……”。从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。如：
The moment I heard the voice, I knew father was coming.
我一听到那个声音，我就知道父亲来了。
No sooner had we arrived at the station that the train left.
我们一到车站，火车就离站了。
The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.
那男孩一见到妈妈便放声大哭。
注意：no sooner...than...和hardly/scarcely...when...的时态搭配：no sooner与hardly/scarcely引导的句子的谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的句子的谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首时，应用倒装语序。如：
Ihad hardly got home when it began to rain.
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
我一到家就下起雨来。
2．地点状语从句
通常由连词where和wherever引导，从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。如：
Make a mark where you have any questions.
在你有问题的地方作个标记。
3．原因状语从句
通常由because，since，as，now that，seeing (that)，considering that等引导。如：
Seeing that it's raining，we'd better stay indoors.
既然下雨，我们最好待在室内。
Now that you have grown up，you must do it by yourself.
既然你已经长大了，就必须自己做这件事。
Considering that I have told you three times，you must know it.
鉴于我已经告诉你三次，你必须知道它。
4．目的状语从句
目的状语从句通常由that，so that，in order that，so，for fear that，in case等引导。如：
The teacher must speak clearly so that his students can understand well.
老师必须讲话清楚，学生才能理解得好。
Take your umbrella in case it should rain.
拿着雨伞，以防下雨。
(1)目的状语从句中的谓语常含有may (might)，can (could)，should，will等情态动词。通常主句在前，从句在后，主句与从句之间没有逗号。
(2)由that引导的目的状语从句现在用得较少，通常被so that或in order that所取代，in order that多用于正式文体中，so可用于口语或非正式文体中。如：
We'll sit near the front so (that) we can hear better.
为了听得更好我们坐得更靠近前台。
(3)在非正式文体中，常用in case，for fear that引导目的状语从句，表示“以防、以免”等。如：
The boy hid himself behind the tree in case his father should see him.
这个男孩藏在树后，以防他爸爸看见。
He wrote the name down for fear that he should forget it.
他把名字记下来以防忘记。
5．结果状语从句
通常由连词that，so that，so...that，such...that等引导。如：
He had overslept，so that he was late for work.
他睡过头了，结果上班迟到了。
He was so angry that he left the room without saying a word.
他如此生气以致于什么也没说就离开了房间。
He made such an excellent speech that everyone admired him.
他做了个如此优秀的演讲以致于每个人都崇拜他。
6．条件状语从句
通常由if，unless“如果不，除非”，as (so) long as“只要”，in case (that)“结果，万一”等连词引导。如：
In case anything important happens，please call me up.
万一发生了什么重要事情，请打电话给我。
As long as you don't lose heart，you will succeed.
只要你有信心，你就能成功。
7．方式状语从句
通常由as，as if，as though引导。如：
You must do the exercise as I show you.
你必须按我给你展示的方式做练习。
as if，as though引导的状语从句，多描述非现实情况，应用虚拟语气，但口语中也有用陈述语气的。如：
The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.
老人对待这个男孩就像是自己的儿子一样。
He walked slowly as if(though) he had hurt his leg.
他走路慢得就像腿受伤了。
8．比较状语从句
通常由as...as，not so (as)．..as，than等引导。如：
His brother is as handsome as he(him)．
他的哥哥像他一样帅。
The film was not so (as) good as I had expected.
这部电影比我期望得差。
He swims faster than any other student in his class.
他比班里其他任何同学都游得快。
9．让步状语从句
通常由though，although，as(虽然，尽管)，even if，even though，whoever，whatever，whichever，whenever，wherever，however，no matter who(what，which，when，where，how)，whether等引导。
(1)由although，though，as引导的状语从句although和though同义，用法基本相同。前者较正式，多置于句首；后者较通俗、口语化。如：
He is unhappy though/although he has a lot of money.
尽管他有钱，但并不幸福。
as引导的让步状语从句多用于书面语，语序要倒装，它比用though或although引导让步状语从句更有表现力，语气更强。如：
Difficult as the task was，they managed to finish it in time.
虽然这项任务很难，他们还是设法及时完成了。
Much as I like it，I won't buy the expensive car.
尽管我很喜欢这辆车，但我不会买这么贵的车。
though引导的让步状语从句，除了用于自然语序外，也可用于倒装语序，although则不可用于此句型。如：
Clever though (as) you may be，you cannot do that.
尽管你可能很聪明，但你不能做那件事。
(2)even if，even though
Even if he is poor，she loves him.
即使他很穷，她还是爱他。
Even though he is poor，she loves him.
尽管他很穷，但她还是爱他。
(3)由wh­词＋ever引导让步状语从句。如：
Keep calm，whatever happens.
不管发生什么都要保持冷静。
Whenever you call on me，you are always welcome.
不管何时你来看我，我都欢迎。
口语中常用no matter wh­来代替wh­ever引导让步状语从句。如：
No matter what I did(＝Whatever I did)，no one paid any attention.
不管我做什么都没人关注我。
(4)whether引导让步状语从句
whether(...or)引导让步状语从句，提供两个或两个以上假设。如：
Whether I go alone or he goes with me，the result will be the same.
我自己走还是他跟我一起走结果都是相同的。
1．掌握连词意义，判断从句种类。
复习时，要熟悉每个连词的语意和语用特征，尤其像as，since这样用法灵活的词；像before，until，unless这样不易掌握的词；像as，when，while，since，because，if，in，case这些不易区分的词。要系统掌握状语从句的分类情况及各类状语从句中经常使用的连词。
技巧点拨
做题时，一方面要考虑句子逻辑意义的通顺，另一方面要考虑句子结构的完整，同时还要注意连词在句子中的位置。例如：
There is a lot for Sam to improve ________ he has achieved good results so far.
A．even though B．as though
C．now that D．so that
解析：句意：尽管到目前为止萨姆取得了不错的成绩，不过对他来说还有不少东西有待提高。even though“尽管，即使”，引导让步状语从句；as though“似乎，好像”引导方式状语从句；now that“既然，由于”，引导原因状语从句；so that“以便，为了，以致”，引导目的状语从句或结果状语从句。由题意可知选A项。
答案：A
2．分析连词功能，掌握“疑问词­ever”用法。
疑问词­ever引导的让步状语从句可以换成no matter＋疑问词＋从句，但是疑问词­ever结构除了可以引导让步状语从句外，还可以引导名词性从句，而no matter＋疑问词结构只能引导让步状语从句，在平时复习中应注意这两方面的区别。例如：
________you have picked up, you must give it back to ________ it belongs to.
A．Whatever; whoever
B．What; no matter who
C．No matter what; no matter who
D．Whatever; no matter who
解析：从句子的结构和语意可以看出前一部分是让步状语从句，可以使用no matter what或whatever来引导；to是介词，后面接的是宾语从句，因此引导词只能使用whoever，而不能使用no matter who。
答案：A