语法填空
短文特点:全国新课标卷从2014年开始使用语法填空题。Ⅰ卷Ⅱ卷各一篇,情况如下:
考点分析
见资料书P12
注:虽然2014样题中出现了要求考生填连接性副词和名词的情况,但这两类词都是完形填空的考点,与语法没有关系。因此,在2014年的正式高考中没再出现,这也说明在拟制样题时考虑不成熟,意识到与语法无关后,到高考命题时进行了纠正。
根据上表,与原广东卷的语法填空相比,考点基本相同,但又有细微差别。
1. 相同
⑴ 短文材料:都是记叙文或夹叙夹议的文章,题材内容体现正能量。
⑵ 短文长度:大约是200个词。
⑶ 必考点是:连词、谓语动词、非谓语动词、词类转换。
⑷ 常考点是:限定词(主要是冠词)、介词、代词、比较级。
⑸ 常考固定搭配:全国课标卷和原广东卷考过的固定搭配有(黑体部分是要求考生填的词):
全国卷——finish doing(样题), It takes time to do sth. (课标I), refuse to do sth. (课标I), keep doing(课标II), next to(课标II)
广东卷——neither…nor… (2013), not…but… (2014), Why not do sth.? (2013), have a conversation (2011), a small amount of (2013), on sale (2009), at table (2009), at a price (2013), be tired from (2008), show respect for (2013), charge (…) for (2014)
2. 不同
⑴ 一般疑问句的构成:全国卷考了行为动词一般过去时的一般疑问句,要求填助动词did,但广东卷没考过。
⑵ 名词的单复数:给词题中全国卷考了单数变复数,但广东卷没考过。
⑶ 给词题中有代词:全国卷中要求主语与宾格的变化,或变为物主代词,但广东卷没考。
⑷ 介词和限定词:在广东卷必考,全国卷不一定考。
⑸ 词类转换:广东卷为1~ 2题,但全国I卷考了1~3题。
⑹ 非谓语动词:广东卷考1~ 2题,而全国II卷考了3题。
⑺ 给词题个数:广东卷3~4个,而全国卷有7个。诚然,全国卷还只有一年采用语法填空,没考三五年,还很难说有规律可循。
一是掌握基础语法:要复习课程标准或考纲“附录2 语法项目表”中规定的24个语法项目。切实掌握每个项目中的基本用法,不淡化,但也不必深化。千万注意语法不要过细、过繁、过多、过难,不要将简单语法复杂化,而应想方设法使复杂的语法简单化,让语法变得更简、更易、更有趣。
二是熟悉考点语法:语法填空的考点与短文改错的考点基本相同,具体有以下十大考点:
考点1:名词
弄清数与格。即名词是否该用复数,是否要用所有格。
[例1]We were poor in those _______ (day).
[分析]因day是可数名词,受those修饰,应用复数,故填days。
[例2] It’s about an _____ (hour) drive from here.
[分析]句意是“离这里大约有一个小时的车程”,“一个小时的”用所有格,故填hour’s。
考点2:代词
⑴ 指代对象(通常是前面出现的名词或整句),是人还是事物,是男还是女,是单数还是复数,是作主语还是作宾语。
[例1] The manager was about to leave when his secretary called ______ back.
[分析]作called的宾语,应填代词;指代谁?指代The manager,是人; 由his可知, 这个经理是男的,是一个人,单数,且是作宾语,故填him。
⑵ 如是物主代词(表示某人的),作主语、宾语或表语用名词性物主代词,在名词前作定语只能用形容词性物主代词。
[例2]Tom, a friend of ____ (I), is our monitor.
[分析] 指“我的朋友”中的一个,表示“我的朋友(my friend)”,相当于“一个形容词性物主代词+一个名词”的意义,用名词性物主代词,作介词of的宾语,故填mine。
⑶ 反身代词反指谁,它通常作主语和宾语的同位语,这时应与主语或宾语一致;也可作某些动词或介词的宾语,这时需与主语一致。
[例3] The children amused _______ (they) by playing hide-and-seek games.
[分析]缺宾语,应填代词;这些孩子拿谁取乐,应是“自娱自乐,游玩(amuse oneself)”,与主语The children一致,故填themselves。类似的短语还有enjoy oneself (玩得开心), teach oneself(自学), adapt oneself (适应), dress oneself(自己穿衣), devote oneself to(致力于), by oneself(单独地)等。
考点3:冠词
不定冠词表示泛指,可译作“一个/本/座/……”等;定冠词表示特指,相当于“这,这些,那,那些”。另外,搞清特指上文出现的或谈话双方心目中都知道的人或事物用the,以及在序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的事物名词之前,用the。如:
[例1]It was _____ third time I had been there.
[分析]在序数词前要用the。
[例2] This is ____ most boring film I’ve ever seen.
[分析] 在最高级前要用the。
[例3] He is _____ honest businessman, according to what everyone says.
[分析] 可译作:根据大家的评说,他是一个诚实的商人。表示“一个”,用不定冠词,honest的读音以元音音素开头,故填an。
考点4:连词
⑴ 并列连词。
连接两个或几个词、短语或句子的并列连词有and, or, but, neither…nor, either…or, whether…or等。
[例1] As a citizen, you must obey the law _____ you will be punished.
[分析] 前后是两个句子,应填连词;根据句意可知填or,表示“否则”。
[例2] He likes cats ______ dislikes dogs.
[分析] 因likes cats与dislike dogs是转折关系,故填but。
⑵ 从句连词。
① 引导名词性从句的连接代词或连接副词(有意思,并在从句中作句子成分),以及that(不作任何句子成句,没有任何意义), 和表示“是否”的whether/if。其中要特别注意连接代词what的意义和用法。
[例3] He came to me in the belief _____ I could help him.
[分析]空格后面的句子是belief的同位语,从句内容完整,也不缺少任何句子成分,故填that。
[例4] Owing to lack of time, we cannot do more than _____ we have done.
[分析]在宾语从句中作have done的宾语,相当于the thing that,“所……的事”,用连接代词what。
② 引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词。注意关系词是代表先行词并在定语从句中作句子成分的。
[例5]I met someone _____ said he knew you.
[分析]引导定语从句并在从句中作主语,用关系代词;先行词是人,故填who。
[例6] Li Ming won first prize in the competition, ________ made his father pleased.
[分析]引导定语从句并在从句中作主语,用关系代词;先行词是“李明在这次比赛中得了第一名”这回事,故填which。
③ 引导状语从句的从属连词。
[例7] We camped there ______ it was too dark to go on.
[分析]因“天太黑不能继续走了”是“我们在那里宿营”的原因,故填because。
[例8] Such things, _____ you like it or not, do happen from time to time.
[分析]由句意“不管你喜欢不喜欢,这样的事的确时有发生”及or可知,填whether引导让步状语从句。whether… or… 不管……还是……
考点5:介词
主要是at, in, on, for, since, with, without, from, as, after, before, behind
等表示时间、地点、原因等的介词以及习惯用语中的介词。
[例1] I am grateful to you _____ helping me.
[分析] 因为某事感谢某人,用for表示感谢的原因。
[例2]_____ time going by, I gradually realize the importance of health.
[分析]表示“随着”用介词With。With time going by =As time goes by随着时间的流逝。
考点6:助动词
⑴ 构成行为动词一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句和否定句的do, does, did。
[例1] How much _____ he charge you for repairing the bicycle just now?
[分析]这是疑问句,由just now可知,是一般过去时,填助动词did。
⑵ 强调行为动词一般现在时和一般过去时的谓语动词的do, does, did。
[例2]To tell you the truth, Tom _____ take my pen by mistake yesterday, but he has said sorry to me.
[分析]与yesterday连用,谓语动词本应用一般过去时,但take却用了原形,可见其前面应当有助动词或情态动词;根据语境,应当是表达“的确错拿了我的钢笔”,强调谓语动词,又是一般过去时,用did。
⑶ 构成部分倒装的do, does, did。
[例3] Not only _____ he do well in his study, but also he is always ready to help others.
[分析] not only…but also…连接两个句子时,前一个句子要用部分倒装;主语是第三人称单数,动词却用了原形do,可见前面应有助动词does, did;由后句的is可知,是一般现在时,故填does。
⑷ 常用情态动词的基本用法。
[例4]I ______ have gone to the school library, but it rained heavily, so I did not.
[分析]表示“本应该做某事,但事实上却没有做”,用should have done sth. 表示,故填should。
考点7:谓语动词
谓语动词主要考虑时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等。从历年广东卷和全国卷来看,考得最多的是一般现在时和一般过去时,且只需看看上下文中谓语动词是用什么时态,跟着用什么时态就行了,十分简单。
[例1]He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he______ (find) that he had run out of salt. So Nick called…
[分析]在主语人称代词he后作谓语,是谓语动词;因he与find是主动关系,用主动语态,由上下文的时态可知,用一般过去时,故填found。
[例2]Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. …but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake. We _____ (tell) that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week…
[分析]由tell sb. sth. 可知,用被动语态,表示我们“被告知” ; 又由上下文的时态(如went, said)可知,用一般过去时,故填were told。
[例3]He suddenly appeared in class one day …He walked in as if he ______ (buy) the school…he was from New York City.
[分析]由as if(好像)可知,可能用虚
拟语气;由语境可知,他是新来的同学,不可能是买下了学校,故用虚拟语气;这是叙述过去的事,与过去事实相反,用过去完成时,故填had bought。
考点8:非谓语动词
动词是作谓语用的,当动词不是作谓语时,而是作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语时,该动词就要用非谓语形式:to do(即用to+原形), doing(即-ing形式), done(即-ed形式)。
根据三种形式的不同用法,以及非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系等来确定具体用哪种形式。
[例1]Sue got home, _____ (feel) very tired.
[分析]因已有谓语动词got,而feel前又没有并列连词,所以feel是非谓语动词;又因Sue与feel是主动关系,故填feeling,分词短语作伴随状语。
[例2]______(build) in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old.
[分析]句中已有谓语动词is,所以build是非谓语动词;又因the bridge与build是被动关系,故填Built。
[例3]It has been his dream _________ (travel) round the world.
[分析]It是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式,故填to travel。
[例4]______ (collect) stamps seems to be his main hobby.
[分析]因seems to be…是谓语了,collect应为非谓语;由句子结构可知,填Collecting,动名词短语作主语,当然填To collect也是正确的。
[例5]I didn’t talk much to the man _______ (sit) next to me.
[分析]因句中已有谓语动词didn’t talk,所以sit应为非谓语动词;又因the man与sit是主动关系,故填sitting,分词短语作定语。
[例6]She avoided _______ (answer) the teacher’s questions.
[解析]在avoid后只能接动词的-ing形式作宾语,故填answering。顺便提提,一定要牢记: ① 只能接动词-ing形式作宾语的常用动词, 如finish, enjoy, consider, advise, suggest, feel like, can’t help等; ② 只能接to do作宾语的动词, 如plan, want, wish, hope, would like, refuse等;
③ 接to do与doing意思有差别的动词,如forget, remember, regret等;④ look forward to, devote oneself to等to是介词的短语动词。
考点9:词类转换
要求考生搞清楚,什么词类在句中作什么成分,或什么成分用什么词类的词来充当。复习要点主要有:
⑴ 作主语、宾语、表语,用名词。亦即,名词就是在句中作主语、宾语、表语的。
[例1]Several children are away from school because of ____ (ill).
[分析]作介词because of的宾语,要用名词,故填illness。
⑵ 作定语、补语、表语,用形容词。亦即,形容词在句中是作定语、补语、表语的。
[例2] This is the only reference book that I find _____(use).
[分析]that I find useful是定语从句,关系代词that代表先行词the book,在定语从句中作find的宾语,所以要填的词是作宾补的,故填形容词形式useful。
⑶ 作状语,用副词修饰动词、形容词或另一副词,或修饰全句。亦即,副词就是用来作状语的。
[例3]I arrived late but ______ (luck), the meeting had been delayed.
[分析]修饰后面整个分句,作状语,填副词luckily。
考点10:比较等级
有than的前面要用比较级;有in, of, I have ever seen等表示比较范围的用最高级;根据语境理解隐形的比较级。
[例1]It takes ______ (little) time to go there by plane than by train.
[分析]由than可知,要用比较级,故填less。
[例2]My pronunciation is poor. His is even ______ (bad).
[分析]由even(更)可知用比较级,相当于后面省略了than mine,故填worse。
[例3]Hainan is China’s second ______ (large) island.
[解析]表示“第几大/长”,用“序数词+最高级”表示,故填largest。
[例4]Mr. Li, our English teacher, is one of the ______ (nice) people I know.
[解析]有定语从句I know 表示比较范围,用最高级,故填nicest。
此外,作形式主语和形式宾语的it,构成强调句型的it, that都是很可能要考的,同学们务必要注意。
[例1]I find ________ interesting to learning English.
[解析]填it作形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的不定式。
[例2]It is because he has been working hard ___________ he has made such great progress.
[解析]填that,与前面的It is构成强调结构。
了解语法填空的考点和考法对解题非常有用。具体步骤大致为:
⑴ 略读全文抓大意。
⑵ 分析句子结构,根据所填词在句中充当什么成分确定要填哪类词,即从句子结构的完整性去思考该填哪类词。
⑶ 根据句子意思的完整性去思考具体
填哪个词。
⑷ 根据前后句子之间的逻辑关系确定
填适当的并列连词或从句的引导词。
⑸ 先易后难,等容易的做好后再考虑
难题。做完后再通读一遍,认真检查。
阅读下列材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于3个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。(注:括号中的“不多于3个单词”在2015年的考纲中已改为“1个单词”,事实上,2014的高考真题,纯空格题的正确答案也都只有一个英语单词;2015年的考纲样题已将对话改为了短文)
1. 2014 课标卷样题
Mum: (putting on her coat) I’m going to have to go down to the shop for more bread.
Alan: Why?
Mum: I’m not sure what 1 _______ (happen). I made some sandwiches earlier and left them on the table 2 _____ I went to answer the phone. But someone must have taken them because they’re 3_______ (go).
happened
when
gone
Alan: Oh, it must have been Dad. I’m sure he was in the kitchen 4 _______ (early).
Mum: No, he went off to his tennis match before I finished 5 ____________ (making) them, so he couldn’t have done it. 6 ________ , he couldn’t carry a plate of sandwiches as well as all his tennis stuff, so I’m sure 7 ___ wasn’t him.
earlier
making
Anyway
it
Alan: (opening the fridge door) Well,
it wasn’t me. But Mum, look! Are these your sandwiches here on the bottom shelf of 8 _____ fridge?
Mum: Are they there? Oh, my goodness. I 9 _____________ (put) them
in there when the phone rang. Oh, dear. I really must be losing my 10 __________
_______. Now, why did I put on my coat?
the
must have put
mind/
memory
这是Alan与母亲的一段对话,谈话内容是母亲做的三明治在她去接电话时不见了,后来Alan发现在冰箱里。
1. happened 在宾语从句中,what是主语,happen应为谓语动词,要考虑其时态;从下文made, left, went, must have taken(一定已拿走)等可知,用一般过去时。
2. when 前后是句子,应填关联词;由句意与逻辑可知,应填表示“当……时”的when。
3. gone 作表语用形容词,表示“不见了”,故填gone。
4. earlier 意为比现在(对话当时)更早的时候,故用比较级。
5. making 表示“做完”是finish doing,故填making。
6. Anyway 因前后都有标点,可知填副词;根据闪后逻辑,应为“无论如何,不管怎么说(anyway)”。
7. it 表示猜测中的人或不确定的人,用it。
8. the 指说话人和听话人心目中都知道的“那个”冰箱,故填the。
9. must have put 从语境中可知,意思是“我一定是在电话铃响时把它们放进那里了”,对过去情况的推测,表示“一定已经”,用“must have done”。
10. mind /memo
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