Unit 3 Life in the futureGrammar
Past participle (3)used as Adverbial & Attribute
过去分词
过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式,表示完成和被动的动作。它在句子中可以充当状语、定语等成分。
过去分词与现在分词作状语
过去分词表完成、被动,与主句主语之间是被动关系;现在分词表进行,主动,与主句主语之间是主动关系。如果一个被动的动作发生在谓语动词之前,则可使用现在分词的完成被动式或过去分词。
attention
过去分词表完成、被动, 作状语时,其逻辑主语是主句的主语, 且与主语之间存在着被动关系。过去分词作状语可表时间, 原因, 让步, 结果, 方式, 条件等。
观察下列的句子:
Once published, his works (=Once his works was published, ) became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line.
PP作时间状语,相当于一个时间状语从句有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。
过去分词作时间状语
1. When it is heated, ice will be changed into water.
When heated, ice will be changed into water.
2. When it is seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed.
Seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape.
过去分词作原因状语
1. Since/ As she was given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid.
Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid.
2. Because it was done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes.
Done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes.
过去分词作条件或者假设状语
If they had been given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better.
Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better.
2. If I am compared with you, we still have a long way to go.
Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.
作方式或伴随情况状语
The hunter left his house, followed by his dog.
The hunter left his house, and he was followed by his dog.
2. She sat by the window, lost in thought.
She sat by the window, and she was lost in thought.
lost 表示一种迷失心理状态
1) 过去分词在句子中可以作时间状语、原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语和让步状语等。
2) 过去分词作状语时,过去分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致。
Summary
过去分词作状语:
过去分词有两大特点：
1. 表示被动的动作；
2. 表示已经完成的动作, 因此,当过去分词作状语的时候一定要搞清楚分词与主语的逻辑关系－－被动, 例如:
Rewrite with proper conjunctions
1. United we stand, divided we fail.
If we are united, we will stand, but if we are divided, we will fail.
Example:
2. Asked what had happened, he told us about it.
→When he was asked what had happened, he told us about it.
3. Well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.
→Because he was well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.
4. Given more time, we would be able to do the work much better.
If we were given more time, we would be able to do the work much better.
5. Once translated into Chinese, the book became very popular among Chinese teenagers.
Once it was translated into Chinese, the book became very popular among Chinese teenagers.
6. Deeply interested in medicine, she decided to become a doctor.
Because she was deeply interested in medicine, she decided to become a doctor.
7. Left alone at home, Sam did not feel afraid at all.
Although he was left alone at home，Sam did not feel afraid at all.
用过去分词作状语来改写句子。
As I was worried about the journey,
I was unsettled for the first few days.
→ _______________________ , I was unsettled for the first few days.
Worried about the journey
2. If he is given time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
→ _________ , he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
3) As I was confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air.
→ ______________________________, I was hit by the lack of fresh air.
Given time
Confused by the new surroundings
4) When he was questioned by the police about the fire, he became tense.
→ __________________________ ______, he became tense.
Questioned by the police about the fire
Find out the sentences with same meaning.
1. As I was worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days.
Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days.
2. While I was confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air.
Confused by the new surrounding, I was hit by the lack of fresh air.
3. As I was exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.
Exhausted, I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.
1. Following the old man, we went upstairs.—we followed (跟着那个老人, 我们上去了)
2. Followed by the old man, we went upstairs. (we were) (被那个老人跟着, 我们上去了)
Compare
3. 从上面看,体育场好像一个鸟巢。 ____ from the top, the stadium looks like a bird nest. A. Seeing B. Seen
4. 从太空看, 宇航员看不到长城。 ____ from the space, the astronaut can not discover the Great Wall. A. Seeing B. Seen
Difference between the Present Participle and the Past Participle
_____for a long time, the book looks old.
由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧.
______ the book, I find it useful.
在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用.
________ at her, he jumped with joy.
_______at by her, he jumped with joy.
Used
Using
Looking
Looked
注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。
Complete each sentence using the Past Participle of the right verb.
1) _________ by noises in the night, the girl no longer dare to sleep in her room.
2) The lady returned home, ________ by two policemen.
frighten trap follow shoot
Frightened
followed
3) If _______ in a burning building, you should send for help.
4) Although ____in the leg, he continued firing at the police.
trapped
shot
过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语与其所修饰的词之间存在着逻辑上的被动关系,且表示该动作已经完成。单个的过去分词作定语,通常置于被修饰的词的前面,而分词短语作定语,则须置于被修饰词的后面。
1. Last Sunday we went on an organized trip to the forest. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　上星期我们组织了一次去森林的旅行。
2. A letter posted today will reach him the day after tomorrow. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　今天发出的信后天就能收到。
分词作定语可以转换成定语从句:
He worked as a worker building roads. (主动) =
He worked as a worker who/ that built roads.
This is a picture painted by my father. (被动) =
This is a picture which was painted by my father.
I know the young man sleeping on the bench. (在进行) =
I know the young man who is sleeping on the bench.
The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow. (已完成) =
The letter which was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.
过去分词短语有时亦可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。
Some of them, born and brought up in country villages, had never seen a train.
他们当中有一些人, 生长在农村，从未见过火车。
过去分词作定语有前置和后置两种情况:
单个的过去分词作定语, 通常放在被修饰的名词之前, 表示被动和完成意义。
1.前置定语
被动意义：
an honored guest
一位受尊敬的客人
(受伤的工人)are now being taken good care of in the hospital.
B.完成意义
a retired teacher
一位退休的教师
They are cleaning (落叶) in the yard.
The injured workers
the fallen leaves
2.后置定语
过去分词短语作定语时, 通常放在被修饰的名词之后, 它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written.
=
Who were the so-called guests invited
(= ) to your part last night?
that has ever been written
who had been invited
如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no + thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使一个单一的分词作形容词用，也要放在被修饰词的后面。 例如：
Is there anything unsolved?
There is noting changed here since I left this town.
注意:
1. The Olympic Games, ___ in 776 B. C., didn’t include women until 1912. 　A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing
简析: 首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games的后置分词短语;再根据 The Olympic Games 对于动词 play 来说只能是被动承受,且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此,该题应选C。
2. What’s the language ___ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
简析: 该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句 which is spoken。
3. Most of the artists ____ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
简析: 该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动, 等于定语从句who were invited。
4. The computer centre, ___ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
简析: 该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后,可以用非限制性定语从句“which was opened last year”代替。
5. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
简析: 该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句which were written。
另外,分词作状语时,如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时,需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。(此时,也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)
例: The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
简析: 很显然,待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands,而不是句子的主语 The murderer,而 his hands 对于动词 tie来说,只能是被动承受。因此,该题应选D。
6. When _____ if she would request a rise, the actress said that
money was not important.
A. asked B. asking
C. having asked D. being asked
7. Yesterday I saw in the newspaper a teaching post _____ at a school
close to my home and I wanted to apply for it.
A. advertises B. advertising
C. advertised D. to advertise
1. I like reading the novels ______ (write ) by Zhang Ailing.
2. The girl ______ (write) a letter in the study is my cousin.
3.There is something wrong with my car and I have to get it _______ (repair).
written
writing
repaired
Filling in the blanks.
4. I want the doors of my new house ______ (paint) white.
5. There was a ________ (surprise) look on his face.
6. He was ______ (excite) at the good news.
7. The story was so ______ (move) that he was ______ (move) to tears.
painted
surprised
excited
moving
moved
用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. _____ (use) in this way, the word shouldn’t be taken as a verb.
2. _____ (arm) with special guns, knives and brushes, two space walking astronauts practiced fixing the spacecraft.
3. Though _____ (catch) in a traffic jam, we managed to arrive at the airport.
Used
Armed
caught
4. Susan is not easy to get along with. But once _____ (gain), her friendship will last forever.
5. Henry didn’t attend the party _____ (hold) at Tom’s hou