GRAMMAR
Word-formation
Reviewed some words in the text.
behave
achievement
specialist
advertise
observe
inspire
argue
permission
organization
connection
Key for Exercise 1:
1. bond 2. nest 3. institute 4. crowd in 5. childhood 6. outspoken 7. move off 8. welfare 9. project
Key for Exercise 3:
1. observed 2. worthwhile 3. argue 4. respect
Useful structures
语法详解：
所谓主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词之间,即主语的人称和单复数形式决定着谓语动词对应的形式。
The boy ___ diving.
They ____ diving.
Both Jack and Tim ___ diving.
All of them ____ diving.
Neither Jack nor Tim ___ walking.
is
are
are
is
are
Finish the following exercises:
Bob _____ a worker.
is
Mike and Bob _____ workers.
are
Both Mike and Bob ____
workers.
are
Neither Mike nor Bob ___a teacher.
is
Neither of them ___________
(know) how to teach English.
knows/know
All of them ______ workers.
None of them ___________
(know) how to teach English.
are
knows/know
主谓一致主要有以下几种情况：
1. and连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词作主语的时候,谓语动词有以下两种情况：
(1) He and I _____both students of this school. 我和他都是这个学校的学生。
如果指两个或两个以上不同的人或事物的时候,谓语动词用复数。
语法一致原则
(2) 但如果连接两个以上的名词指的是同一个人或物, 或者指同一概念的时候, 谓语要用单数。
The singer and dancer____ going to give us a performance.
那个歌唱家兼舞蹈演员要给我们表演。
The knife and fork ____on the table.
刀叉在桌子上。
is
is
2. 如果主语是不定式, 动词ing形式或主语从句的时候,谓语动词用单数。
　What he is doing seems very important. 他正在做的事情看起来很重要。
Collecting stamps is his hobby. 收集邮票是他的爱好。
3. 定语从句的关系代词who, which, that在从句中作主语时，要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。
Those who enjoy singing may join us.
Tom, who is your friend, should help you.
4. with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except, but, including 如果句子中有这些连接词和主语连用,谓语动词的数随主语的变化而变化。例如：
　The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees in the street. 老师和他的学生们正在街道上植树。
either ... or; neither ... nor; not only ... but also, whether...or在句子中连接主语的时候或者在there be句型中,谓语动词要和就近的主语保持一致。
就近原则
Neither you nor I am wrong.
There is a cup of tea and some apples
on the table.
Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.
概念一致原则
所谓概念一致原则是指谓语动词和主语一致不是取决于主语的语法形式, 而是其实际意义。有的主语名词在形式上是单数, 但在意义上却是复数；有的主语名词在形式上是复数, 但在意义上却是单数。
1. 不定代词all, more, some, any, none作主语,谓语动词视情况而定。
All of the apples ____rotten.
所有的苹果都烂了。
All of the apple ____rotten.
整个苹果都烂了。
不定代词all, more, some, any, none作主语,谓语动词视情况而定。
are
is
None of the money_____ left.
没有剩下一点钱。
None of the students _____ there.
没有学生在那里。
is
is
2. the rest of; half of; part of; majority of; percent of; one third of在句子中加名词作主语的时候,谓语动词与of后面的名词保持一致。
Half of the students _____finished their
composition.
一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。
Half of the apple ____bad.
一半的苹果坏了。
About 60 percent of the students in our
school ____boys.
我们学校, 大约百分之六十的学生是男生.
have
is
are
3. 集合名词作主语, 动词可用单数, 也可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人员时, 动词则用复数。这一类常见的集合名词有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group。
His family ____going out.
他们全家要外出。
His family ____all music lovers.
他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。
集合名词作主语, 动词可用单数, 也可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人员时, 动词则用复数。这一类常见的集合名词有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group。
is
are
4. 某些名词如people, police, cattle等,形式上是单数, 但意义上是复数, 谓语动词应用复数。people指“民族”时是例外。
The police are searching for a thief.
The cattle are eating grass on the hill.
5. 复合不定代词作主语, 谓语动词要用单数，如someone ,somebody, something, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing。
　Someone is asking for you.
有人找你。
　Nothing is found in the room.
在屋子里什么也没找到。
6. 某些名词如clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses等, 通常只用其复数形式, 但当它们被a pair of 修饰时, 谓语动词用单数。如:
The pair of shoes is worn out.
这双鞋破了。
The shoes are worn out.
鞋子破了。
某些名词以s结尾如maths, politics, physics, news, plastics 等，谓语动词应用单数。
Physics is a very interesting subject. 物理是一门很有趣的学科。
8. every... and every ...; each ... and each ...; no ... and no ... 在以上短 语中and连接的单数名词, 整个短语 在句中作主语时, 谓语动词常使用单数。
Each man and each woman is asked to attend.
Every boy and every girl in the class is diligent. 班级中的每个男孩女孩都很用功。
No sound and no voice is heard. 听不到任何声音。
9. 以a number of 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数; 以the number of 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
A number of new books are on the desk.
The number of students in you class is 50.
10. 有些名词的单数和复数形式一样, 作主语的时候, 其谓语动词由上下文决定, 这一类名词有: means, works, deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。
　 Not every means is useful.
不是每种方法都好使。
Not all means are useful.
不是所有的方法都好使。
11. many a, more than one, one and a half与单数名词组成的短语, 谓语用单数。
Many a boy has seen it. 许多孩子都看到了。
12. 书刊名、时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数。
Thirty years is not a long time.
Roots is a famous American novel.
1. this kind of book = a book of this kind (这种书) , 其谓语用单数; 短语this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men (口语) (这一类人), 但this kind of men 的谓语用单数, men of this kind 和these kind of men 的谓语用复数, all kinds of 后跟复数名词, 谓语用复数形式。例如：
应该注意的几个问题:
This kind of men is dangerous.
Men of this kind are dangerous.
2. 在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。例如:
Between the two windows hangs a picture.
3. “分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“ a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中of 后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。例如:
Lots of damage was caused by fire.
About three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
Three-fifths of the workers here are women.
和这种情况类似的还有“a number of + 名词复数”。但是,“the number of + 名词”的中心词却是number。试比较：
A number of students have gone to the countryside to help with the autumn harvest.
The number of pages in this book is two hundred.
注意:
a (large) quantity of 修饰可数或不可数名词, 其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
A large quantity of people is needed here.
quantities of 修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。例如:
Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.
短语in quantity, in large quantities 意为 “大量”; in small quantities 意为“少量”。
4. a great deal of, a large amount of, 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词通常用单数; large amounts of 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词通常用复数。例如:
A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time.
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.
5. 表示数量的one and a half 后, 名词要用复数形式, 但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
One and a half bananas is left on the table.
6. 如果主语由“the + 形容词(或过去分词)”结构担任时,谓语通常用复数;这类词有: the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dub, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed 等; 但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别,则用单数。例如：
The blind study in special school.
The departed(死者)was a well-known engineer.
这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时,就要与名词man, person 或表示人的单数连用。例如: an old man, a rich person, the (a) wounded soldier.
高考链接
1. As a result of destroying the forests, a large _____ of desert _____ covered the land.(上海2001）
A. number; has B. quantity; has
C. number; have D. quantity; have
B
精析：a large number of 后面要接复数名词，所以A不能作为答案。因为desert是单数，所以要填 has。这句话的意思是“毁坏森林的结果是，大片沙漠覆盖了陆地．”答案 B
2. ____ of the land in that district ____ covered with trees and grass.(上海2000)
A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are
C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are
C
精析: 分数的分子用基数词,分母用序数词表示.如果分子大于1, 分母序数词后加-s. 分数和百分比作主语时,谓语动词的形式取决于分数和百分数后面的名词.句子中的主语 land是单数,所以谓语动词要用is covered. 答案C.
3 ---- Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, ____ to go to university.
---- So do I.（全国1998）
A. hopes B. hope  C. hoping D. do hope
A
精析：这句话的主语是 Each of the students，是单数，所以要 hopes 选作谓语。现在分词短语working hard at his or her lessons 作状语，表示伴随的情况。有的考生盲目地把 lessons 当成了主语，填写了hope，发生了错误。本题的译文：每一个努力学习的学生都想上大学。我也是。答案 A。
4. ____ people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day.（上海2001）
A. Several million  B. Many millions
C. Several millions  D. Many million
A
精析: 在million前如果有具体的数字或 several等词时，要用单数形式。 many一般不与 million等词连用. 表示“数百万”，英语为 millions of。这句话的意思是“每天，世界上有几十万人通过 e-mail传递信息。”答案 A。
5.The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _______ absent for different reasons. (NMET'96)
A. were; was B. was; was
C. was; were D. were; were
C
6. The number of students in this school _________ by 5% every year.(MET'92)
A. rise B. raise C. rises D. raises
"the number of+复数可数名词"作主语，表示"……的数目(数量)"，谓语动词用单数；"a number of+复数可数名词"作主语，表示"许多……"，谓语动词用复数。
C
7. A good deal of money _________ spent on books.(MET'84)
A. have B. has
C. have been D. has been
D
8. As a result of destroying the forests, a large _________ of desert _________ covered the land.(上海2001)
　A. number; has B. quantity; has
C. number; have D. quantity; have
B
9. A library with five thousand books _________ to the nation as a gift. (MET'90)
　A. is offered B. has offered
　C. are offered D. have offered
A
10. E-mail, as well as telephone, _________ an important part in daily communication. (上海'99)
　 A. is playing B. have played
　 C. are playing D. play
A
11. Nobody but Jane _________ the secret. (MET'86)
　A. know B. knows
C. have known D. is known
12. All but one _________ here just now. (MET'87)
　A. is B. was
　C. has been D. were
D
B
13. Either you or the headmaster _________ the prize to these gifted students at the meeting.(上海'94)
A. is handing out
　B