Unit 2
The United Kingdom---Grammar
动词的-ed形式
I.基本形式和意义
动词的-ed形式，即传统语法所指的“过去分词”。它是动词的一种非限定形式。动词的-ed形式兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。动词的-ed形式和宾语或状语一起构成-ed分词短语.动词-ed形式的基本形式是“动词+-ed”，但也有不规则的形式。
II.动词-ed形式在句法功能
1. 作表语
1.1 动词-ed形式表语时，其作用相当于adj.,说明的是主语的状态。
All the windows are broken.

All hope is gone.

This article is well written.

He appeared satisfied with my work.
（1） 完全形容化了的动词-ed形式：可以被very等副词修饰，可以有比较级等级形式。常见的有常见的有：bored, disappointed, excited, frightened, interested, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, tired, worried 等。
（2）有的动词-ed形式可以被副词well修饰，如：built, cooked, done, dressed, known, organized, prepared, written等。
（3）其它副词也可以修饰动词-ed形式 ，如：deeply moved, highly developed, heavily--populated等。
1.2动词-ed形式作表语时，其后可以接介词短语、不定式短语及that 引导的宾语从句
He is very much disappointed at the result.

The mother was pleased to hear from her son.

I’m satisfied that you didn’t tell me a lie.
1.3 “be+动词-ed形式” 有可能是一个系表结构，也有可能是一个被动结构。
Why is the glass broken?

By whom was the glass broken?
(系表结构）
(被动结构)
It is covered with thick ice and deep snow.

Your table should be covered by a white cloth.
(系表结构）
(被动结构)
1.4 动词的-ed形式与-ing 形式作表语的区别
Traveling is interesting but tiring．
旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。

They were very excited at the news．
听到这个消息，他们感到非常激动。
凡表示主语“令人…的”都用-ing 形式，凡是表示主语“感到…”时都用-ed形式。
Multiple choice:
1.As we joined the big crowd ,I got ______ from my

friends.

Separate B. spared C. lost D. missed

2. The business of on-line shopping so far has been

_____ for the sellers who are already offering their

services.
A. disappointed B. disappointing
C. disappoint D. to be disappointed
3.----Shall we go swimming ?
----OK. I’ll just go and get _____.
A. changed B. to change
C. to be changed D. changing
B
A
A
2. 作定语
2.1. 单个动词-ed形式作定语, 通常位于名词之前
a. 及物动词的动词-ed形式，具有被动和完成的意义。
a broken cup a wounded soldier

an unexpected visitor the excited crowd
b. 不及物动词的动词-ed形式，具有主动和完成意义。
a grown woman a retired officer

the risen sun fallen leaves
c. 合成的动词-ed形式
a much-needed reform widely-held opinions
2.2.动词-ed形式的短语作定语：通常位于名词之后,其作用相当于定语从句。
a letter written in pencil
the tree reflected in the lake
the machines produced last year
= a letter which was written in pencil
= the tree that was reflected in the lake
= the machines which were produced last year
2.3 动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作定语的区别
动词的-ing形式表示所修饰的名词正在进行的动作或主动关系，以及表示事物的属性、用途等；
动词的-ed形式表示与所修饰的名词相关的已完成的动作或被动关系。
the changing world
the changed world
（正在变化的）
（变化了的）

boiling water
boiled water
（正在沸腾的)
（已经沸腾过的）
fading flowers
faded flowers
(正在凋谢的)
（已经凋谢的）
a developing country
a developed country
(发展中的)
（发达的）
Translation work :
另人恐怖的场景
受了惊吓的马
令人失望的孩子
感到失望的孩子
a frightening sight
a frightened horse
a disappointing child
a disappointed child
Complete the following sentences:
Do you know the man ______
(跟我们数学老师谈话的）？
I lost the pen _____
(我叔叔买的）。
talking to our maths teacher
bought by my uncle
3.1. 在感观动词feel, hear 和see 之后，如：
I heard my name called.

He felt himself cheated.

I saw his eyes fixed on me in curiosity.
3. 作宾语补足语
3.2. 在表示“希望，愿望，命令,忍受”这一类动词后面做宾语补足语，这类动词有：can’t bear, hate, like, love, need, prefer, want, wish 等， 如：
He needs his coat mended.

Kate would like her room painted white.

I prefer eggs boiled hard.

We wish your work finished quickly.

I want the suit made to his own measure.
3.3. 在有些表示状态的动词后，这类词有：keep, leave, show等，如：
They kept the door locked for a long time.
Don't leave the windows broken like this all the time.
Please keep us informed of the latest developments.
3.4. 在使役动词have 后，通常有两方面的含义：
1)表示"让某人做某事"。

I have had my bike repaired.

我已经找人修好了自行车。

2)表示"遭遇到某种不幸；受到打击"等。

My elder sister had her wallet stolen last month.

上个月我姐姐的钱包被偷了.
3.5.用 在make之后，在这种结构中，动词的-ed形式的动词,表示目的或结果。
I raised my voice to make myself heard.
我提高了嗓门以便于被人家听到。
They managed to make themselves understood .
他们设法使别人明白了他们的意思。
You must made your views known to everybody.
你要向大家说明你的观点。
3.6.动词 的 –ed形式与-ing 形式作宾语补足语的区别：
1）在see, hear, watch, notice等感官动词后作宾补时，-ing形式表示正在进行的动作，强调当时的情景，为部分过程；动词的-ed形式则表示其与宾语之间为被动关系或有该动作已完成的概念。例如：
　　We heard her singing this song when we got there.
我们到达时，听见她在唱这首歌。
　　We often hear this song sung by her.
我们经常听见她唱这首歌。(歌是被唱)
2)用在have,get,leave等动词后作宾补时，动词的-ing形式强调进行的状态或持续状态，动词的-ed形式表示被动关系。
We tried our best, but still couldn't get the machine
running. (强调启动，进入工作状态)
The farmers got the planting done before the rains
came. (被动，已完成)
3)用在with复合结构中, 动词的-ing形式表示主动关系，动词的-ed形式表示被动关系。
With the boy leading us the way, we had no difficulty in finding her house.(主动关系，lead为男孩的动作)
With homework done，Jim went out to play football.(被动关系，作业是被做)
Multiple choice:
A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ___ ___ in the kitchen. ( NMET 2003)
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked
2. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______the next year. (1999NMET )
A．carry out B．carrying out
C．carried out D．to carry out
3. If you want ___ immediately, you have to give us some money in advance.
A. that the work be done B. the work done
C. to have done the job D. the job that is done
B
C
B
4.1. 作时间状语
Told of his mother’s accident, Jack phoned the hospital.

Translated into English, the sentence was found to have a different word order.

When asked to speak, he complained about the poor service.
4.2. 作原因状语
Caught in the rain, he had a fever.
4. 作状语
Inspired by Oprah Winfery, she became confident.
4.3. 作条件状语
Given more time, I’ll be able to do it better.

Cleared, this site would be very valuable.

The house will look bigger if painted white.

She will gladly come to your house if invited.
4.4. 作让步状语
Defeated, he remained a popular boxer.

Though told to stop, he kept on walking.

Even if given every opportunity, they would not succeed.
4.5. 作方式状语
I am returning your letter as requested.

He was walking sadly as if injured.
4.6. 作伴随状语
Mary came out of the room, followed by her dog.
A crowd rushed in, armed with sticks.
4.7.动词 的 –ed形式与-ing 形式作状语的区别：
动词的-ing形式做状语与动词的-ed形式做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
Multiple choice:
1. They are going to have the service man ___ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
A. fix B. to fix
C. to be fixed D. fixed

2. You will see this product ____ wherever you go.
A. to be advertised B. advertised
C. advertise D. advertising

3. ________ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. (NMET2004 湖北)
A.Compare B. When comparing
C. Comparing D. When compared
A
B
D
4. ________ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.(2004辽宁)
A. Attracting B. Attracted
C. To be attracted D. Having attracted
5.____the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. （ NMET 2004 广东）
A. Not completing B. Not completed
C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
6.Our self-respect increased when _____by others.
A. feeling accepted B. accepted
C. we feel accepted D. accepting
B
C
C