高考复习
1．surround vt.&vi.围绕，包围
归纳拓展
surrounding adj.周围的
surroundings n．环境
surround sb./sth.with sb./sth.使某人/某物包围某人/某物
be surrounded by/with被……包围或环绕
She was sitting on the floor surrounded by books.
她坐在地板上，周围都是书。
They have surrounded the building with police.
他们派警察包围了这幢大楼。
Animals in a zoo are not living in their natural surroundings.动物园里的动物们不是生活在自然环境之中。
同类辨析
surroundings，condition，environment与circumstances
(1)surroundings意为“环境”，常用复数形式，主要指人或周围的物质环境。
(2)condition指条件，状态，情况。condition的复数形式conditions可表示“环境，情况”的意思，但主要是抽象意义上的。
同类辨析
(3)environment作“环境”讲时，是集合名词，既可表示抽象概念，也可表示具体意义，包括周围环境、外界、自然环境、社会环境等。强调环境对人的感受、道德及观念的影响。
(4)circumstances指人生存的客观环境，还可指“境地，境遇”，尤指经济状况。
It's difficult to imagine that you're working in such poor conditions.很难想象你在这样糟的条件下工作。
An unhappy home environment can affect a child's behaviour.一个不愉快的家庭环境会影响儿童的行为。
I know I can trust her in any circumstances.
我知道我在任何情况下都能信任她。
【链接训练】
①________ for a few days，the miners were in despair.
A．Surrounding
B．Being surrounded
C．Having surrounded
D．Having been surrounded
【解析】　句意为：被困了几天之后，矿工们绝望了。从for a few days来看，应用分词的完成式，同时从the miners与surround之间为被动关系来判断，应选D。
【答案】　D
②The surroundings of his house ________ clean now.
A．is B．are
C．was D．were
【解析】　以­ings结尾的名词如belongings，earnings，findings，surroundings等常用作复数，谓语动词应用复数。根据题干中now可知用一般现在时。故答案为B。
【答案】　B
2．measure vt.&vi.测量；衡量；判定　n．度量单位；措施
归纳拓展
(1)take measures (to do sth.)采取措施(做某事)
make...to one's own measure根据某人自己的尺寸来做(衣服)
in full measure最大程度地，最大限度地
(2)measure out量出
measure up量好长度；合格；符合标准
measure up to符合(期望)；达到(标准)
They took strong measures against dangerous drivers.
他们对危害公众的司机采取强硬的措施。
The tailor took my measure and made a new suit to my measure.
服装师给我量了尺寸并按照我的尺寸做了一套新衣服。
This product does not measure up.这项产品不合格。
诱导展望
(1)measure表示“测定；测量；评估”时，是及物动词，后面直接跟名词作宾语；或用于be measured in/by...结构中，表示“用……来计算”。
The snow there is measured not in/by inches，but in/by feet.那里的雪不是以英寸，而是以英尺来计算。
(2)当measure表示“量起来有……长/宽/高”时是不及物动词，后跟量的结果，此种情况下不能用被动语态。
Our new classroom measures 10 meters by 8 meters.
我们的教室长10米宽8米。
【链接训练】
①Many car accidents occur because motorists can't ____ the speed of approaching vehicles.
A．conclude B．count C．measure D．value
【解析】　句意为：很多车祸的发生都是因为开车者不能估量对面开来的车的速度造成的。measure在此为及物动词，意为“估量”conclude“得出结论”；count“数数”；value“重视”，三者均与题意不符。
【答案】　C
3．mix vt. 混合，掺和　n. 混合，结合(通常用单数)
归纳拓展
(1)mix A and B (together)＝mix A with B　使A和B混合起来
mix with sth.与某物相混合
mix with sb.(指人)相处，交往
mix sth./sb.up 弄错，弄乱；搞错
归纳拓展
(2)mixed adj.混合的
mixed doubles 混合双打
(3)mixture n．混合状态，混合物
Oil doesn't mix with water.＝Oil and water don't mix.
油不融于水。
Don't try to mix business with pleasure.
不要把工作和娱乐混在一起。
I think you must be mixing me up with someone else.
我觉得你一定是把我错当成别人了。
He looked at her with a mixture of amusement and despair.他既好笑又绝望地看着她。
【链接训练】
Football is a ________ of a sharp mind and hard training rather than just talking.
A．mixture B．thought
C．time D．action
【解析】　空格处表示“……的混合物”，故应选A。
【答案】　A
4．confirm vt.证实；证明，确定；批准
归纳拓展
(1)confirm sth.证实某事
confirm that/wh­ 证实，确定……
(2)confirmation n．证实；确认书；证明书
Can you confirm the dates we discussed?
你能确认我们讨论过的日期吗？
Research has confirmed that the risk is higher for women.
研究已经证实这种风险对女性来说大一些。
He will be confirmed in office in October.
十月份他将正式就职。
【链接训练】
Parents' keeping children away from dogs can just ______ to children that dogs are scary.
A．convince B．confirm
C．confirmed D．conform
【解析】　句意为：父母们让孩子避开狗的做法只能向孩子证实狗是可怕的。convince“使(某人)确信”，用法是convince sb. that，故A项搭配不正确。confirm “证实”，其搭配为：confirm to sb. that...；C项形式错误。conform“遵守，顺从”。
【答案】　B
5．distance n. 距离；远方；遥远；疏远　v. 不介入，与……疏远
归纳拓展
(1)at a distance 隔一段距离；从稍远处
at a distance of在……远的地方
in the distance 在远方
keep sb.at a distance 对某人冷淡；与某人保持一定距离
keep one's distance (from)．..与……保持距离；疏远
(2)distance oneself from 不介入……；与……疏远
(3)distant adj. 遥远的；远亲的；冷漠的
Evening came slowly.The hills in the distance turned dark blue.夜色渐近，远山变成了深蓝色。
She was warned to keep her distance from John if she didn't want to get hurt.
有人警告她说，如果不想受到伤害就离约翰远一点。
When he retired，he tried to distance himself from politics.
退休后，他便尽量使自己远离政治。
The president hopes to visit China in the not too distant future.总统希望在不远的将来访问中国。
诱导展望
distance 的修饰语常用 some，good，great，long，short 而不用 near，far 修饰。
It is a good distance away.距离很远。
【链接训练】
All human beings have a comfortable zone regulating the ________ they keep from someone they talk with.
A．distance B．scope
C．range D．boundary
【解析】　句中distance与后面定语从句中的keep from构成keep distance from短语，意为“与……保持距离”。句意为：每个人都有一个舒适区域，调节着他们与对话者之间的距离。
【答案】　A
重点短语与句型
1．settle down定居；专心工作；平静下来
归纳拓展
settle vt.&vi.定居；平静下来；解决
(1)settlement n．解决，处理；和解；殖民地
settler n．移民，殖民者
(2)settle on/upon sth.决定做某事，同意(某事)；(鸟等)停在
settle up付清欠账；结清账单
settle in/into 迁入(新居)；习惯于
The internal affairs of each country should be settled by its own people.各国的内政应由各国人民自己去解决。
He wanted to get married and settled down.
他想结婚过安定的生活。
I must settle down this morning and do some reading.
今天早上我必须静下心来读会儿书。
The bird settled on a branch.那只鸟落在了树枝上。
诱导展望
settle down用作不及物动词短语时，表示“定居；安静地坐下；(对生活、工作等)定下心来”；用作及物动词短语时，表示“使……平静下来；着手认真做……”。
The chairman tried to settle the audience down.
主席设法使听众安静下来。
【链接训练】
①If you don't leave，you'll see the problem ________ by us.
A．settled B．settling
C．to be settled D．to settle
【解析】　see sth.done表示“看到某事被做”。settle在此意为“解决，处理”。
【答案】　A
②It was so noisy outside that I couldn't ________ down to read.
A．settle B．put
C．sit D．lie
【解析】　settle down在此意为“安心，静下心来”。put down“放下，记下”；sit down“坐下”；lie down“躺下”，均与句意不符。
【答案】　A
2．catch sight of看见；瞥见
归纳拓展
at the sight of...一看见……
at first sight初见；乍看
in/within sight在视野内，看得见
come into sight出现在眼前；进入视野
out of sight在视野外，看不见
lose sight of看不见
He caught sight of a dark figure in the shadows.
他看见黑暗处有个黑影。
She let out a cry at the sight of the snake.
她一见到蛇，就发出叫喊声。
She waved until the car was out of sight.
她不停地挥手，直到汽车消失在视线中。
When we got to the beach，there wasn't a soul in sight.我们到达海滩时一个人也看不见。
【链接训练】
他们终于看不见陆地了。(翻译句子)
________________________________________________________________________
【答案】　They finally lost sight of land.
3．have a gift for 对……有天赋
归纳拓展
(1)have a gift for＝be gifted in＝have a talent for
对……有天赋；有……的才能
a man of many gifts 多才多艺的人
(2)gifted adj.天才的，有天赋的(相当于talented)
a gifted musician 天才的音乐家
(3)gift n．＝present礼品，赠品
Her mother has a gift for making guests feel at home.
她的母亲有使客人变得无拘无束的才能。
Their daughter is very gifted.他们的女儿天分很高。
He received a lot of gifts on his birthday.
他生日时收到了许多礼物。
【链接训练】
①Mrs Taylor has ____ 8­year­old daughter who has ____ gift for painting—she has won two national prizes.
A．a；a B．an；the
C．an；a D．the；a
【解析】　考查冠词的用法。8­year­old以元音音素开头，要用an；have a gift for固定短语，“有……的天赋”，故正确答案为C。
【答案】　C
②—In your opinion，who is the best golf player in the world?
—John Smith.I think he has a(n)________ for golf.
A．present B．limit
C．interest D．gift
【解析】　答句后半句句意为：我认为他有打高尔夫球的天赋。have a gift for“对……有天赋”，符合题意。
【答案】　D
4．“It's too bad you can't go as far as Ottawa，Canada's capital”．
“很可惜你们不能一直走到加拿大的首都渥太华”。
归纳拓展
(1)as far as远至，远达，注意与as long as的区别：far指距离，long指时间。
so/as far as与……的距离相等，达到……的程度；尽……，就……
as/so far as it goes达到一定程度(通常并未如愿)
as/so far as sb./sth.is concerned就某人/某物而言
as far as the eye can see/reach就视力所能及
as/so far as I know据我所知
(2)as...as可用作程度副词，表示“程度之高，数量之多，时间之久”等意思。
as/so long as只要
as much/many as多达……；达到……之多
as soon as一……就……
(3)by far...……得多
so far迄今为止(作状语，谓语动词多用现在完成时)
far from远非，一点也不
I accompanied him as far as the bus stop.
我陪他一直走到公共汽车站。
As far as I'm concerned，you can do what you like.
就我而言，你想干什么就可以干什么。
So far it has been by far the tallest building in the world.到目前为止，它是世界上最高的建筑。
It is far from clear what he intends to do.
他打算做什么一点都不清楚。
【链接训练】
________ external(外部的)appearances are concerned，radio­active materials do not look different from other substances.
A．As far as B．As long as
C．As soon as D．As much as
【解析】　as far as sth.is concerned“就某物而言”，固定用法。
【答案】　A
同位语从句
同位语从句是英语中的四大名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句)之一，它不仅是高考的重要考点，也是我们阅读中经常遇到的句型。
一、同位语从句的概念
在复合句中作同位语的句子叫同位语从句。同位语从句一般跟在某些名词的后面，用以解释或说明前面名词的具体内容。经常带同位语从句的名词有fact，news，answer，message，doubt，possibility，idea，reply，reason，belief，hope，thought，promise，suggestion，question，certainty等。
二、同位语从句的连接词
引导同位语从句的词有从属连词that，whether以及连接代词who，which，what和连接副词where，when，why，how等。
1．由连接词that，whether引导的同位语从句。此时的引导词只起连接作用，不在从句中作任何成分。
There is no doubt that prices of cars will go down.
毫无疑问汽车的价格会下降。
2．由连接代词who，which，what和连接副词where，when，why，how引导的同位语从句。此时的引导词在从句中作相应的成分。
Nobody can explain the mystery why he suddenly disappeared.没人能解释他为什么突然消失了。
三、学习同位语从句应该注意的几点
1．表达“是否”的概念时，要用whether而不用if引导同位语从句。
I have no idea whether you are interested in working for her.我不知道你是否有兴趣为她工作。
2．作主语的同位语从句有时会被谓语动词将其与名词分开，这叫间隔式同位语从句。这种分隔主要出于修辞原因，即为了保持句子结构平衡。
A saying goes that practice makes perfect.
有句谚语说熟能生巧。
3．若被同位语从句说明的名词是advice，suggestion，proposal(建议)；demand，request，requirement(要求)；decision(决定)，order(命令)，recommendation(劝告)等这些词语时，同位语从句常用虚拟语气，谓语动词常用should＋do，should常常省略。
The suggestion that a new bridge (should) be built was accepted.建一座新桥的提议被通过了。
4．名词doubt(怀疑)后的同位语从句用whether引导；no doubt(无疑)之后的同位语从句用that引导。
We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.我们怀疑他们能否按时完成任务。
There is no doubt that he will keep his promise.
他将遵守他的诺言，这一点是毫无疑问的。
5．在no idea后可用wh­疑问词引导。
I have no idea when he will be back.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
四、如何区别定语从句和同位语从句
1．从语法角度看，引导同位语从句的that是连词，只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何句子成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除了起连接作用之外，还在从句中作主语或宾语。
He made a promise that if anyone set him free he would make him very rich.(同位语从句)
他承诺说若有人能够使他自由，他将使其变得很有钱。
I still remember the promise (that) he made.(定语从句)我仍旧记得他做出的承诺。
2．从语义角度看，同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，两者可以转换为主表关系。定语从句与它前面的名词是所属关系，表示“……的”，起修饰作用，不能改成主表关系。
The news that we'll go on a picnic this Sunday isn't true.(同位语从句)
可改为：The news is that we'll go on a picnic this Sunday.
The news that you've heard isn't true.(定语从句)
若改为The news is that you've heard.则句意不完整。
3．同位语从句的连词that一般不能省略，而定语从句中的关系代词that在从句中作宾语时，常常可以省略。
The foreigner expressed the hope that he would come to China again.(同位语从句)
外宾表达了他想再次来中国的愿望。
I remembered the hope (that) the foreigner expressed to me.(定语从句)我记得外宾向我表达的希望。
4．当when，why，where和ho