Friend ship
She said he was hard-working.
Direct and Indirect Speech
直接引语和间接引语
Grammar
The shoes are too big for me.
What did he say?
He said the shoes were too big for him.
Warming Up
[观察后的发现]
1．Jane said, “I’m very fond of traveling.”
→Jane said that she was very fond of traveling.
2．“Is this your umbrella, Mary？” asked John.
→John asked Mary if that was her umbrella.
3．“Mary, when will you return me the book？” asked John.
→John asked Mary when she would return him the book.
4．“I know it，” he said. →He said that he knew it.
5．The teacher said to the students, “Water freezes when the temperature falls below 0℃.”
→ The teacher told the students that water freezes when the temperature falls below 0℃.
6．He said，“UFO appeared here the day before yesterday”．
→He said that UFO had appeared there two days before.
7．Tom said，“Can you finish the work in less than two days，Mary？”
→Tom asked Mary if/whether she could finish the work in less than two days.
8．“What did Edison do to help the doctor operate on his
mother？” the teacher asked us.
→The teacher asked us what Edison had done to help the doctor operate on his mother.
[我的发现]
(1)在直接引语变为间接引语的过程中，从句的主语常常按
照一定的规律发生变化，如：在句1中，从句的主语由I变为 ；句2中从句的主语由this变为 等。
(2)在句3中，从句的时态由一般将来时变为 ；
句4中，从句的时态由一般现在时变为 ；句5中，从句的时态没有变化的原因为：从句陈述的是 。
she
that
过去将来时
一般过去时
客观事实
(3)在句6中，直接引语中的here和the day before yesterday在
间接引语中分别变为 和 ；同时在主句和从句之间加入了连接词that。
(4)直接引语是一般疑问句或反意疑问句，变为间接引语时，
常将它变成由 或 引导的宾语从句，其主句动词常用 。如句2、7。
there
two days before
if
whether
ask
(5)直接引语为特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，将它变成由
原来的 引导的宾语从句。如句3、8
(6)语序变化
直接引语如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问句语序变为 语序。如句2、3、7、8。
疑问词
陈述句
1．直接引语：当我们引用别人的话语时，如果引用的是
原话，被引用的部分就叫作直接引语。
The teacher asked, “Do you like English？”
The girl said, “I like English very much.”
注意：引语前常使用逗号，而不是冒号；引号内直接引语的单词首字母要大写。
一、概念
2．间接引语：当我们要引用别人的话语时，可以用自己
的话把意思转述过来，被转述的部分叫作间接引语。
The teacher asked the girl if she liked English.
The girl said that she liked English very much.
注意：间接引语不用逗号、引号；间接引语要考虑人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语和指示代词的变化。
二、直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则
1．人称的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词要根据转述人立场的变化作相应的改变。
[巧学助记]　直接引语变间接引语人称变化口诀：“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。”
(1)“一随主”。指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的
主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称而变化。
(2)“二随宾”。指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语
及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称。
(3)“第三人称不更新”。指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从
句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。
写出正确的人称代词
①John said，“I want to take part in the 2016 Olympic Games.”
→John said that wanted to take part in the 2016 Olympic Games.
②He said to Kate，“How is your sister now？”
→He asked Kate how sister was then.
③Mr. Smith said，“His voice is wonderful.”
→Mr. Smith said voice is wonderful.
he
her
his
2．时态的变化
直接引语变间接引语时动词变化如下表：
I am good at dancing.
I visited the Great Wall yesterday.
She said she had visited the Great Wall the day before.
She said she was good at dancing.
[点津]　在下面几种情况中，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不发生变化。
①直接引语是客观真理、谚语和格言时，其时态不变。
“The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth”， the teacher told me.
→The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.
②直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
Tom said, “I was born on April 21, 1980.”
→Tom said he was born on April 21, 1980.
写出正确的时态
①He said，“The film had begun when I got to the cinema.”
→He said that the film when he got to the cinema.
②I asked the teacher，“When shall we have our sports meeting？”
→I asked the teacher when we have our sports meeting.
had begun
should
3．指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方向性动词的变化
写出相应的时间状语
①He said，“It’s ten o’clock now.”
→He said that it was ten o’clock .
②She said，“I’ll do it tonight.”
→She said that she would do it .
③She said，“I arrived two days ago.”
→She said that she had arrived .
then
that night
two days before
4．连接词的选择
(1)直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，常变成由that
引导的宾语从句。在口语中，that可以省略。
He said, “I was cooking when the earthquake happened.”
→He said (that) he was cooking when the earthquake happened.
[点津]　直接引语是陈述句时，若变为间接引语，主句谓语动词said to sb.常改为told sb。
She said to me, “I came back an hour ago.”
→She told me (that) she had come back an hour before.
(2)直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时，
间接引语中用whether (... or ...或．.. or not)或if引导。
He said, “Are you interested in English？”
→He asked (me) if/whether I was interested in English.
[点津]　如果主句中谓语动词是said，则将其改为asked。
(3)直接引语为特殊疑问句时，间接引语仍用原句中的特殊
疑问词来引导，其 余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。
“What's your name？” he asked me.
→He asked me what my name was.
[点津]　疑问句的直接引语变间接引语时，要把疑问语序变成陈述语序。
填上相应的连接词
①He said，“I was cooking when the earthquake happened.”
→He said he was cooking when the earthquake happened.
②He said，“Are you interested in English？”
→He asked (me) I was interested in English.
(that)
if/whether
建议信
写作讲座
王老师收到了小东的一封来信，向她征询建议。请仔细阅读下面的信件并帮王老师回复。
Dear Miss Wang，
I'm a student from Huzhou Senior High School. I have a problem. I'm not very good at communicating with people. Although I try to talk to my classmates, I still find it hard to make good friends with them. So I feel quite lonely sometimes. I do want to change this situation, but I don't know how.I would be grateful if you could give me some advice.
Yours，
Xiao Dong
Dear Xiao Dong，
①I'm sorry you are having trouble in making friends. ②However, the situation is easy to change if you take my advice. ③Here are some tips to help you：
④Firstly, why not take an active part in discussions？⑤If you do this, you can express your own opinions, and at the same time, learn to listen to other people's views.
⑥Secondly, you should learn about your classmates' likes and dislikes. ⑦Then you can find common interests with them.⑧In this way, you can get to know more different people and show them that you are friendly. ⑨Last but not least, I'm always here ready to help. ⑩We can take part in some activities together and I can introduce you to others.
⑪I hope you will find these ideas useful.
Yours sincerely，
Miss Wang,
本篇范文分三部分。
第一部分说明听从我的建议能改变你交友困难；第二部分提出具体建议；
第三部分总结，希望这些建议会有所帮助。
亮点一：这篇作文格式正确规范，要点齐全，语言流畅，“建议”切实可行。
亮点二：文章中使用了一些中高级词汇及短语，如have trouble in ..., take one's advice, common, introduce ... to ...等，使文章增色不少；使用了however, firstly, secondly, last but not least等过渡词使文章衔接自然。
亮点三：②⑤句使用了状语从句(... if you take ...; If you do ...)，③句使用了倒装句(Here are ...)，④句使用了省略句(... why not ...)，⑥⑧⑩句都分别用and连接两个并列分句。句式灵活多样，值得借鉴。
如何写建议信
1．建议信的语言
建议信就是在你所写的信中发表你的建议与看法。建议信除要遵循书信的格式之外，还要求在信中针对别人的问题，给出你的观点及解决办法。因此，陈述建议的语言必须中肯，在劝说对方接受自己的建议时，应该特别注意措辞。
2．建议信的结构
建议信一般采取“三段式结构”，通常以firstly, secondly, thirdly或to begin with, then, later等依次陈述建议。首段：表明写作意图，陈述事由，简单介绍自己的观点，注意语气。主体段落：应该首先肯定对方的优点，然后再写需要改进的地方或针对具体情况提出具体建议或忠告。结尾段：对提出的建议进行总结，要注意表达方式，使对方容易接受。
1．建议信开头常用句式：
I'm sorry (that) you are having trouble/difficulty/problems
in making friends.
I know you are now having trouble communicating with others, and you may often feel lonely.
I'm glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on ...
However, the situation is easy to change if you take my advice.
Here are some tips to help you./Here are a few suggestions.
I think you can make it if you follow the advice below.
黄金表达
2．表达建议常用句式：
First(ly), why not ...? If you do this, ...
Secondly, you should/can ...Then/That way, ...
Thirdly, it would be a good idea if ... By doing this, ...
Last but not least (最后但并不是最不重要的) ...
As far as I am concerned .../In my opinion .../As for me ...
3．建议信结尾常用句式：
I hope you will find these ideas useful.
As time goes on, people will know you better and will like to make friends with you if you can follow the above.
I hope what's mentioned above might be helpful ...
I believe that if you follow my advice, you'll get along well with your classmates.
I believe, with your determination, you can manage to overcome these difficulties.
[练写作·活用单元要点]
[题目要求]
你叫张伟。你的好友王楠因不擅长与别人交流，感到非常苦恼。最近，他来信向你求助。请你用英语给他写一封120词左右的回信。主要内容应包括：
1．劝他不必为此事感到苦恼；
2．告诉他与别人有效地交流是很重要的；
3．就如何改变目前的状况给他提出几点建议。
一、对接单元词汇
1．感到伤心　　　　　　
2．和别人交流
3．关心；挂念
4．增加
5．一些关于……的建议
6．解决这个问题
7．表达自己
8．和……交流观点
feel upset
communicate with others
be concerned about
add to
some tips/advice on ...
settle the problem
express yourself
exchange ideas with ...
(一)完成句子
1．我注意我周围的人也不擅长交流。
I notice some people around us
communication.
2．你没有必要太担心这件事情。
You it too much.
3．对我们来说，良好的交流对于创造融洽的人际关系很重要。
Good communication create a pleasant relationship with others.
are also not good at
don’t have got to be concerned about
is important for us to
4．它能增加成功的机会。
It can .
5．对你谈话的人要坦率、真诚。
Be those you talk to.
6．他们能很容易地理解你。
They easily.
add to our chance of success
direct and honest to
can understand you
(二)根据要求，用以上6个句子进行句式升级
升级一：用并列连词so连接1、2两句
I notice some people around us are also not good at communication, so you don’t have got to be concerned
about it too much.
升级二：用which引导的非限制性定语从句连接3、4两句
升级三：用so that引导的目的状语从句连接5、6两句
Good communication is important for us to create a pleasant relationship with others，which can add to our
chance of success.
Be direct and honest to those you talk to so that they can understand you easily.
三、尝试用单元所学知识连句成篇
Dear Wang Nan，
I know you are feeling upset these days because you are not able to communicate with others effectively. Let me tell you my ideas about it.
As a saying goes，“Every man has his faults.” I notice some people around us are also not good at communication, so you don’t have got to be concerned about it too much. Of course, good communication is important for us to create a pleasant relationship with others，which can add to our chance of success.That is why I would li