说明文写作
作文四步曲：
1．审题构思（2-3分钟）
2．列纲定局（3-5分钟）
3．组织文章（20分钟）
4．修改润色（2-3分钟）

字数 120-150之间, 三段作文
字迹清晰工整
一、概述
二、写作方法及例子
三、图表作文
一、概述
说明文是描述某一事物、事由或过程的文章。它用于说明客观事物的特点和性能，或介绍某种操作的程序，或解释某些抽象概念，或阐明某种科学原理、自然现象等，完全是就事论事的描述，所以也称技术性的描写文。词典、教材、论文、实验报告、甚至广告等都属这类文体。
二、写作方法及例子
1、下定义（definition）
像词典那样直接地给字或词下定义，也包括进一步通过举例、对比、比喻逻辑推理等写作方法解释事物，使读者对事物的特点有更全面的了解。
例：
Ambition means the goal in our life. To have one’s ambition does not necesarily mean to become one of the chief state leaders. This is not the real sense of the word. True ambition encourages us always to look forward and not to lose hope in face of failure. Ambition differs from person to person and everyone has his own ambiton. Yet not every one of us can succeed in what we desire to do.
2、举例子（Illustration）。
例：
Americans value manual labor. They have great respect for craftsmanship. Many Americans prefer craft hobbies. For example, some build small boats in their leisure time. Others make new furiture or refinish antique furniture. Others enjoy
gardening or painting. Many low-income American families have beautiful furniture or paintings or pottery or boats. They make these things and they are proud of their manual skill. In fact some people are really very handy.
3、分类（Classification）。
把事物分作若干类型并说明或描述各事物的特点和差异。
例：
All matter is in one of the three states. It may be in the state of a gas, a liquid or a solid. A solid has definite shape and definite volume. A liquid has definite volume, but it has no definite shape. It may flow or take the shape of its container. A gas changes not only in shape but also in volume, for it expands and contracts easily.
4、比较（Comparison）和对照（Contrast）
比较和对照在英语写作中应用非常广泛。一般来说，比较时指对人或事件之间相同点进行分析；对比是对人或事物之间的不同点进行比较。不过在很多情况下，这两种方法不能截然分开。
例：
It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely.
Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers cannot show their disappointment publicly. They cannot cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.
5、因果分析（Cause and Effect）。
指分析某一事物或现象的前因后果。有的文章以分析原因为主，有的文章以说明造成的结果为主，一般说来，不存在单独表示原因或结果的文章。
例：
Climate affects the culture of a country. Men must learn to live within the limitations of their environment, and climate is an important part of the physical environment. Life in a tropical country is less strenuous and more casual than it is in a temperate one. Men work shorter hours and less vigorously in a hot climate. They cnnot play hard either. They tire easily. They can relax by reading, by sipping cool drinks, or by listening to soothing music. They must try to conserve their energy. The wisest ones learn to respect the demands of Nature.
6、叙述过程（Process Analysis）。
例：如何做汉堡包
Making hamburgers is really very simple. All you need is a pound of minced beef, which you mix with the other things – salt and pepper, a teaspoon of mustard（芥末）, and an egg as well. You break the egg in a bowl, and mix all the things together with a fork. When it is smooth and well-mixed, make round hamburgers from the mixture, and roll them in some flour.
Then you need a frying pan and some oil. Fry the hamburgers on both sides for about 15 minutes, until they are really brown. When they are ready, get some soft bread rolls and cut them in half. Put the hamburgers inside them and eat them as soon as possible.
(实际上，人们写作说明文的时候，一般常采用综合法，在一篇文章中同时交叉使用两种或两种以上的方法，使文章表达得更完整、更有力。)
三、图表作文
1、定义
2、特点及要求
3、技巧
4、两种类型
5、例文
6、写作练习
1、定义
图表作文是采用统计数据表(table)，坐标曲线(graph)或圆形饼图(pie chart)等资料数据来阐述论题的作文。也是科技文献中常用的一种表达手段。
2、特点及要求
图表作文利用图象，表格和曲线图作为作文提示，并以此为依据要求考生用简洁生动的语言，把图表中给定的信息完整而又准确地表达出来,在此基础上，分析相关现象或问题，并提出个人观点加以评论。
图表作文不但要求作者具有一定的英文写作能力，而且要求具有较强的观察力，分析力和充分的想象力。
3、技巧
看懂图表，从数据和信息中找出问题的关键，提炼主题。

notes:
找寻发展趋势和规律；细节处抓典型——即关注数值的极值（最大值或最小值），或曲线突然变化的地方；

无需一条不漏地将数据资料加以描述，而是选择有典型性和代表性的重点数据，同时要注意文章的整体结构，详略得当。

注意图表的标题、参照时间以及使用的单位，适当选择时态；此外，还要注意语气的客观性，适当使用一些体现语言客观性的结构，如被动语态和名词性结构等；
4、两种类型
Type 1:要求客观陈述图表信息内容的作文

侧重对比分析和说明资料数据之间的关系上。

最后分析和查找出规律，归纳得出结论。
Type 2: 要求深入分析原因内容的作文
先阐述图表数据所反映的问题。
进而筛选出有关的数据资料进行深入的分析讨论，分析原因。
最后找出解决问题的方法。
图表作文篇章结构
第一段：总结归纳图表信息反映的情况，点出主题思想；
第二段：紧扣主题，结合数据等信息分析原因；
第三段：作出总结，一般可以提出解决措施或予以简单评论。
A Boom in Adult Education
5、例文
From the graph，we know the statistics of the adult education participation and the increasing number of the participants in X city．In 1985 there were only eighty thousand people taking part in the adult education，but in 2000 the number has grown to two million four hundred thousand people．Obviously there are more and more people who hope to get advanced degrees and gain more knowledge after they began to work．
There are many reasons responsible for the great change，and the following are the typical ones．For one thing，it's during the work that people begin to realize what they have learned before is far from enough and what kind of knowledge they urgently need．Next，as the science and technology in China are developing so fast，adults after graduation have to go back to universities to refresh themselves so as to improve their competitive ability in society．The main reason is the population growth that affects people's promotion chances．Many people without bachelor degrees have become laid-off employees．Therefore，such competitive social background stimulates many people to continue to study．
However，this graph may not predict the entire situation in the future．I believe one thing is quite certain that education can't be separated from our social development．
评论：

Score: 14
主题鲜明，论点明确，切中题意，内容丰富，思想表达清楚，连贯。
下图是2007年1-10月中国博克服务人均月度有效浏览时间及增长率，描述变化并说明原因。
（要求：不少于120字）博客在广度和深度上的发展促使博客的有效浏览时间保持领先。博客功能不断完善不断开发新功能提高用户体验，期望吸引并留住更多的用户。但是如何把具有高粘性和高活跃度的博客用户转化为网站的盈利是运营商们普遍面对的难题。第一，目前，中国博客服务用户群年龄段普遍较低，其中以18-24岁之间为居多。这些用户大都正处于求学阶段，7、8月正是一年中最为空闲的时间。
　　第二，除学生之外，其他职业的人群、尚未结婚的人群也都是这一服务的主要用户群体，这些人群的加入也保证了在除7、8月之外，其他几个月份的使用频度的增加。
　　第三，与中国的传统节日分布有关。春节是中国上网频率最少的时间段，博客服务同样会出现类似的情况。因此，也造成了博客服务在这一时期的使用频率达到最低。
　　第四，9、10月份不论是在学生群体，还是在工作人群中，都是一年中较为忙碌的阶段，因此也使得这期间对博客这种尚只具有娱乐性质的网络服务使用度下降。
6、写作练习
图表作文的开头套用句型
It can be seen from the chart (graph/table/ diagram/figure/pie) that …
We can see from the chart(graph/table/ diagram/figure/pie) that …
It has been shown from the chart(graph/table/ diagram/figure/pie) that …
According to the chart (graph/table/ diagram/figure/pie), …
As is shown in the chart (graph/table/ diagram/figure/pie), …
The chart (graph/table/ diagram/figure/pie) shows (indicates/ presents) a very minimal (small/ slight/ dramatic/ slow/ gradual/ steady/ marked/ rapid/ sudden/ sharp) rise (increase/ decrease/ decline/ fall/ drop ) of/in…
分时间段写